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Friday, July 1, 2011

A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Chapter Six

Chapter 6 Implementation & Description of System Components 1. System Design Overview 2. Back-End 3. Front-End (Server-Side) 6.1 System Design Overview To develop a website for the public utility is a matter of handling a lot of data. So we have to develop an efficient way to handle a lot of data, so that the site becomes faster and flexible. The website developed for Graphical User Interface (GUI) with database connectivity requires two basic components – Back-End and Front-End, PHP is used to develop the Front-End and several RDBMS like MySQL, SQL Server are used as Back-End. The design overview is depicted using the flowchart. Flowchart: A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm i.e. it is visual picture which gives the steps of algorithm and also the control between the various steps. Flow diagram: Automated Pay Per Click Advertising System 6.2 Back-End 6.2.1 Database The tables used to store data are designed in a relational architecture. The details descriptions and data types of the tables of database are illustrated in the following tables: All Tables: (picture) User Table: (picture) Ads Table: (picture) 6.3 Front-End (Server-Side) 6.3.1 Designing of Data Entry Interface: The major configuration of Automated Advertising System depends on data entry, because different kind of managerial decision needs information from this software. We can extend this software for various online activities of any organization whole needs. There is different kind of interface for information add like: Home Page: (picture) Figure : Homepage (picture) User Information Page: (picture) Figure : User Information Page (picture) User Login Page: (picture) Figure : User Login Page (picture) User Registration Page: (picture) Figure : User Registration Page (picture) Figure : Ads View Page (picture) Forum Home Page: (picture) Figure : Forum Home Page (picture) Contact Page: (picture) Figure : Contact Page (picture) Ads Package Page: (picture) Figure : Ads Package Page (picture) Membership Page: (picture) Figure : Membership Page (picture) Payout Page: (picture) Figure : Payout Page (picture) Administration Page: (picture) Figure : Administration Page (picture) Administration Menu Page: (picture) Figure : Administration Menu Page (picture) 6.3.2 Working Principle There are basically four main functional zones in this project: 1. Information 2. User Login 3. Administration 4. About Us 1. Information In this section we discuss about the basic information of our automated advertising system. Any advertiser who is interested to enter in the system may view advertisement, convert their credit to ads credit and advertise his link. 2. User Login This page is for the user's of the advertisement system. By submitting the ID the user can access. Here he can see his information by providing the corresponding value. 3. Administration: This page is restricted only for the administration. In this section the administrator can add and delete any ads and user, view and update ads and user.

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A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Reference

Reference: [1] Wankyu Choi, Allan Kent, Chris Lea, “BEGINNING PHP5”, Edition:2004, Wieley Publishing, Inc. [2] Paul McFedries, “Creating HTML4 Webpages”, 4th Edition, The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc, 1999. [3] Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan “Database System Concepts”, 4th Edition, The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc,2000. [4] VikramVaswani, “The Complete Reference MySQL”, Edition:2004, Tata McGraw Hill Company Limited. [5] Jay Greenspan, Brad Bulger, David Wall, “MySQL/PHP Database Applications”, 2nd Edition, Wieley Publishing, Inc. [6] Gareth Downes-Powell, Tim Green, Bruno Mairlot, “Dreamweaver MX PHP Web Development”, 2nd Edition, Wrox international. [7] Mojahidul Islam Dheow, “Web Database Application MySQL-PHP”, 2nd Edition, Systech Publications. [8] William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communications”, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc, 2000. [9] PHP5 and MySQL Bible. [10] All in one MySQL, PHP and Apache-By Julie C.Meloni. [11] http://www.php.net

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A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Chapter Seven

Chapter 7 Conclusions 1. Conclusions 2. Scope 3. Limitations 4. Future Plan 5 Last Word 7.1 Conclusions In recent years, computerised advertising system has gained wide acceptance in the enterprise. The computerised online advertising system offer several advantages e.g. it helps in the almost every decision making process. Reporting of any thing is possible within short time by computerised Information Management System. With the help of Information Management System it is possible to generate report with variation. For this reason any decision making process will become so easy. 7.2 Scope The prospect of the voter list system is very bright. Since we are in the age of information technology we have to be update and speedy in our daily life. We have to use the benefits of modern technology. Automated Advertising System is such a service where any targeted person may advertise from any place. So our system can be utilizes in a huge. So It can be easily used in any country to advertise through Internet. 7.3 Limitations Though the online advertising system any user can open a window to advertisement information, it cannot be possible of mass people. Because the Internet is not available all over the world. 7.4 Future Plan Our future plan is try to 100% error free of this project and increasing security and user friendly. 7.5 Last Word The entire report gives a total overview of the project in brief. It will help the users to go through the project, as well as to understand the critical points very clearly. However still the project is not complete enough even though it will fulfil the demand of the users.

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A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Chapter Five

Chapter 5 Project Design & Methodology 1. System Analysis 2. Component of the system 3. Software Documentation 5.1 Systems Analysis: The goal of this project was to develop software, which will make the automated advertising system that is easy, reliable and less laborious and quick. To achieve the goal, following works are set to the target: • To make the automated advertising system easy and updateable. • To make the automated advertising system reliable and efficient. • To make the system easy accessible and available for the advertisers and consumers using client-server technology. • To generate various type of report, which is urgently required in decision making process. To achieve the above target, the data were analysed first. Information must be collected from the appropriate source. Information is analysed in proper way and store in proper format in the database. Retrieval of the information by PHP code is crucial part. Report generation from this information for the appropriate manager is mandatory part for this software. Programming tools PHP was used in selection of the server side design for the following reasons:  Its RAD (Rapid Application Development) technology minimises the development time.  Due to its compatibility with various operating system.  Its function library eases the programmer hard working.  Both sever-side and client-side are platform independent. Relational database management system was used to mange the database. In selection of RDBMS in back-end, we can use MySQL, SQL-Servr or Oracle for the following reasons  MySQL, SQL-Servr or Oracle provide client-server technology.  Security features of the above system are reliable.  Availability of the expert users. There is different Access level in the database. So low privileged user can see information with respect to his access level. This is accomplished by My-SQL tables. Various types of report are generate in this software which are generated from RDMS data sources. 5.2 Component of the system:  PHP interpreter is used.  Mysql.dll are used to connect to the MySQL database.  Apache Web Server is used for PHP.  Client side used any browser. 5.3 Software Documentation: The documentation of this automated voter list system developed in this project was done in two different ways. They were described below. 5.3.1 Online Help To facilitate an online help during the using of this software, there has been developed an information file, which is anchored by an anchor in the home page. 5.3.2 Users Manual The Chapter five of this report gives a detail description about different features of the software. It may be helpful for using this software. Further more, a printed user’s manual should be produced providing the explanation of every module, sub-module and anchor to enable a user to conversant with this software.

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A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Chapter Four

Chapter 4 Online Pay Per Click Advertising 1. What is advertising 2. Types of advertising 3. Online advertising 3. Pay Per Click advertising 4.1 Advertising Advertising is the process of persuading potential customers to buy products or promote its services. The process of advertising involves a variety of strategies and media. Advertisements may appear in many forms, including newspaper and magazine ads, radio and television commercials, direct mail campaigns, and various other forms. 4.2 Types of Advertising: With the emergence of brand recognition as a key factor in marketing and advertising, companies have entered into multi-billion dollar contracts with advertising firms to promote their products and services. These efforts have led to products becoming integral aspects of popular culture. Below is a list of types of advertising appeals. Article Marketing Article marketing is a type of advertising in which businesses write short articles related to their respective industry. These articles are made available for distribution and publication in the marketplace. Well-written content articles released for free distribution have the potential of increasing the authoring business' credibility within its market as well as attracting new clients. Banner Advertising Banner Advertising is a major component of web-business creation. It is also a very good method for creating revenue via your website. Banner ads, simply put, are just HTML codes in a specific size and shape (differing from advertiser to advertiser) that present a small snippet of your product or service on a specific host site. Banner advertising has gained popularity at an increasing rate over the past few years due to the increasing popularity of Internet as well as the fact that it has more audience and the ability to direct a prospective client to their website with just a click. Billboard Advertising A billboard is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically showing large, ostensibly witty slogans, and distinctive visuals, billboards are highly visible in the top designated market areas. Brochure Printing Color brochures are about the quick delivery of information. All brochure printing designs sport messages that are easily readable and immediately understandable. Brochures are an old standby of print advertising and color printing. They’ve endured the test of time, but sometimes they get overlooked in the rush to hop on the latest marketing bandwagon. Some will say that brochures just aren’t as hip and sexy as their online oriented alternatives. Business Cards Business cards are an essential factor in furthering your business. They are available in several unusual types, sizes, colors etc. Eco-friendly business cards are one of the many unique types of business cards available today. To know more about these eco-friendly business cards, read on. Controversial Television Advertising Needless to say, the television exposed us to media like never before, bringing foreign worlds, fantastic ideas and advertisements to our living room. Television advertising is generally a thirty second audio visual clipping telling us the features and advantages of a particular product. Since the time span of an advertisement is so less, the advertisement should always be exciting, interesting and get the point through immediately. If we marry the concept that advertisements are always time bound and that human psychology is always attracted to controversy, we get the perfect advertisement, not good advertising, not bad advertising, but perfect advertising-controversial-advertising. Direct Mail Postcard Marketing Postcard marketing is a low cost, low-tech, high impact direct marketing method. Any business can benefit from a targeted, structured postcard marketing strategy. Used the right way and with the right audience, a direct mail postcard works wonders and often outperforms email. The humble postcard can turn out to be your most result-oriented marketing weapon. The articles below contain postcard marketing tips, ideas to grow your business with direct mail marketing through promotional postcards, and help make postcard campaigns more effective. These articles will help put direct mail to work for you and make the most of your business postcard advertising and marketing efforts. Email Advertising E-mail marketing is a form of direct marketing which uses electronic mail as a means of communicating commercial or fundraising messages to an audience. In its broadest sense, every e-mail sent to a potential or current customer could be considered e-mail marketing. However, the term is usually used to refer to: a) sending e-mails with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers and to encourage customer loyalty and repeat business, b) sending e-mails with the purpose of acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, c) adding advertisements to e-mails sent by other companies to their customers, and d) sending e-mails over the Internet, as e-mail did and does exist outside the Internet (e.g., network e-mail and FIDO). Google Adwords and Adsense AdWords is Google's flagship advertising product and main source of revenue ($21 billion in 2008). AdWords offers pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, and site-targeted advertising for both text and banner ads. The AdWords program includes local, national, and international distribution. Google's text advertisements are short, consisting of one title line and two content text lines. Image ads can be one of several different Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) standard sizes. AdSense is an advertisement application run by Google. Website owners can enroll in this program to enable text, image, and more recently, video advertisements on their websites. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a Double-Click offering (also owned by Google). Internet Advertising Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam. Media Planning Media planning is a very frequently heard term in advertising circles. If you are planning to launch an advertising campaign for your product, you will surely come across this term. However, most people do not know what this term exactly means. Here's an explanation. Traditionally, media planning meant deciding what kind of media should be employed for the advertising campaign. They would decide where the advertisement would have the maximum impact. Options considered were advertising on hoardings, television, cinema halls, overhead LCD TVs in malls or newspapers. All these traditional avenues of advertising were considered and then their profitability was analyzed. Based on such studies and researches, the final media for the publicity campaign were selected. Today, the concept of media planning has undergone a difference. Media planning now involves not only selecting a media for the advertising, but also deep analyses into the outreach of the ads. Also, media planners will today select unconventional streams of advertising such as mobile vehicles, advertising in small retain stores, etc. Newer options are decided depending on what the product being publicized is. That is why today the 'media planning' concept is slowly waning out, and is being replaced by more expansive terms such as 'media strategy' or 'communications planning'. MLM (Multi Level Marketing) Multi-level marketing (MLM), is a term that describes a marketing structure used by some companies as part of their overall marketing strategy. The structure is designed to create a marketing and sales force by compensating promoters of company products not only for sales they personally generate, but also for the sales of other promoters they introduced to the company, creating a downline of distributors and a hierarchy of multiple levels of compensation. The products and company are usually marketed directly to consumers and potential business partners by means of relationship referrals and word of mouth marketing. Network Marketing Network marketing is a general term for a type of marketing that is usually performed by an individual instead of a company. It refers to the use of interpersonal or social networks to market products and services for business purposes as opposed to the more traditional and common practices of wide-range advertising. The term is technically a type of marketing that can be used as part of an overall marketing strategy which may or may not encompass multiple tactics. For example, the most common marketing tactic in a network marketing strategy is word of mouth. Newsletters A newsletter is a regularly distributed publication generally about one main topic that is of interest to its subscribers. Newspapers and leaflets are types of newsletters. Additionally, newsletters delivered electronically via email (e-Newsletters) have gained rapid acceptance for the same reasons email in general is gaining popularity over printed correspondence. Many newsletters are published by clubs, churches, societies, associations, and businesses, especially companies, to provide information of interest to their members, customers or employees. Some newsletters are created as money-making ventures and sold directly to subscribers. Sending newsletters to customers and prospects is a common marketing strategy, which can have benefits and drawbacks. Online Affiliate Marketing Affiliate Marketing is an Internet-based marketing practice in which a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer brought about by the affiliate's marketing efforts. It is an application of crowdsourcing. The Affiliate Marketing industry has four core players at its heart: the Merchant, the Network, the Publisher and the Consumer. The market has grown sufficiently in complexity to warrant a secondary tier of players, including Affiliate Management Agencies, Super-Affiliates and Specialized Third Parties vendors. Online Advertising and Online Marketing Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam. PPC Advertising PPC (Pay Per Click) Copywriting is advertising text that accompanies a web-based advertisement, costing the advertising company money only when a user clicks on the advertisement's graphic. The advertisement is hyperlinked to a "landing page," which the company hopes will generate a sale. Public Relations Public relations is a facet of advertising and marketing that deals specifically with the response of the intended market population to the advertising and marketing efforts that are being employed. In many instances, businesses handle public relations by setting up a means of communication between customers and the representatives of the business. The lines of communication can be through a telephone information service or over the Internet. The purpose of the communication between the representatives of a business and its customers is to foster among the customers a positive image of the company and its products. Below are articles on public relations, effective public relations plans, campaigns, investor relations, public affairs and media relations. Radio Advertising A radio commercial (in the USA also called a spot by people in the business) is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. Search Engine Marketing (SEM) Search engine marketing is a powerful marketing tool to generate online leads and make your online business successful. It is the process of promoting your website through search engines such as MSN, Sina, Ask.com, NexTag, AOL, Google, Yahoo, Altavista and AT&T Worldnet. SMS Marketing SMS is an extremely cost-effective, high-response-rate vehicle, which can help to acquire and retain consumers, sell and promote products, drive loyalty, and reinforce branding efforts. Have you tried SMS marketing to promote your business? Subliminal Messages in Advertising Subliminal advertising is the technique of embedding messages in advertises which can be perceived by the subconscious human mind. To know more about subliminal advertising, read on. Telemarketing Telemarketing (known as telesales in the UK and Ireland) is a method of direct marketing in which a salesperson solicits to prospective customers to buy products or services, either over the phone or through a subsequent face to face or Web conferencing appointment scheduled during the call. Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches programmed to be played over the phone via automatic dialing. Telemarketing has come under fire in recent years, being viewed as an annoyance by many. Trade Show Displays / Exhibit Booths Trade show giveaways are very useful in marketing since they can be used for several purposes. The first use of a trade show giveaway or a trade show gift is spreading information about the product and promoting its use. Second of all if you are using free product samples as trade show giveaways then the people can obviously use the products and provide you their feedback, thus promoting the use of your product. Trade show giveaways can also be a great way to establish or even enhance company’s brand identity. Trade show giveaways help to establish a bond of goodwill and create a positive image of the company amongst the customers and investors. Often when a company is launching a new product or wants to incorporate a big change in its existing product line or services, the trade show giveaways are and excellent options to communicate the changes. Trade Show Promotions A trade show acts as a medium between companies and consumers. Trade shows are an option for companies to display their products wherein the consumers can interact directly with the company representatives and also handle products displayed. Trade show promotions are an innovative tool used by advertisers to market products for their clients. The responsibility of planning for trade shows and booth themes along with the design and construction of the displays, rests solely with the event planning agencies. Advertisers and event managers need to come up with innovative strategies to promote brands and products to translate into sales for their clients. Thserefore, event managers give utmost importance to the décor of the trade show exhibit booths. This draws interest and attracts crowds, which can even lead to impulsive buying at such trade show displays. TV Commercials & Television Advertising A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial (US) or advert or ad (UK/US) or ad-film (India)) is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organisation that conveys a message. Advertisement revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes (as well as program-length infomercials). Advertisements of this sort have been used to sell every product imaginable over the years, from household products to goods and services, to political campaigns. Video Advertising and Marketing Video marketing is another web marketer’s way to success in making money online. Website companies are now using video marketing in order to promote their services and products effectively within convenience. Nothing can come close to the persuasive power and effectiveness of video marketing. Viral Advertising and Marketing The buzzwords viral marketing and viral advertising refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increases in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) through self-replicating viral processes, analogous to the spread of pathological and computer viruses. It can be word-of-mouth delivered or enhanced by the network effects of the Internet. Viral promotions may take the form of video clips, interactive Flash games, advergames, ebooks, brandable software, images, or even text messages. The basic form of viral marketing is not infinitely sustainable. Website Promotion Website promotion is the continuing process to promote a website to bring more visitors to the website. Many techniques such as web content development, search engine optimization (also known as SEO), and search engine submission, are used increase the traffic to a site. 4.3 Online Advertising Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam. One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy. Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response. 4.4 Pay Per Click Advertising Pay per click (PPC) is an Internet advertising model used on search engines, advertising networks, and content sites, such as blogs, in which advertisers pay their host only when their ad is clicked. With search engines, advertisers typically bid on keyword phrases relevant to their target market. Content sites commonly charge a fixed price per click rather than use a bidding system. Websites that utilize PPC ads will display an advertisement when a keyword query matches an advertiser's keyword list, or when a content site displays relevant content. Such advertisements are called sponsored links or sponsored ads, and appear adjacent to or above organic results on search engine results pages, or anywhere a web developer chooses on a content site. Although many PPC providers exist, Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter are the three largest network operators, and all three operate under a bid-based model. Cost per click (CPC) varies depending on the search engine and the level of competition for a particular keyword. The PPC advertising model is open to abuse through click fraud, although Google and other search engines have implemented automated systems to guard against abusive clicks by competitors or corrupt web developers.

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Best Replacement Windows
Energy Efficient Doors
Energy Efficient Windows
Pure Energy Window Company
Door Replacements
Best Window Installation in Michigan
Window Replacement Novi
Warehouse Staffing
Warehouse Staff Agency
>Warehouse recruitment agency
Warehouse Jobs
Warehouse Agency
Storage Firm
Depot Company
Distribution Agency
Inventory Service
Logistics Bureau
Stockroom Enterprise
Fulfillment Organization
Supply Chain Company
Warehousing Corporation
Freight Hub Agency
Hospitality Staffing
Hospitality Staff Agency
Hospitality recruitment agency
Hospitality Jobs
Hospitality Agency
Hospitality Firm
Hospitality Staffing Agency
Hospitality Employment Firm
Hospitality Recruitment Service
Hospitality recruitment Company
Hospitality Industry Jobs
Hospitality Careers
Hospitality Manpower Agency
Hospitality Employee Placement Service
Hospitality Staff Recruitment Agency
Receptionist Staffing
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Receptionist Jobs
Receptionist Agency
Front Desk Staffing Agency
Reception Services Firm
Administrative Assistant Placement Service
Office Reception Personnel Agency
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Administrative Assistant Hiring Agency
Front Desk Employee Agency
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Reception Personnel Firm
Administrative Assistant Recruitment Service
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A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Chapter Three

Chapter 3 PHP & Database Management System & Its Application 1. PHP and its Application 2. Database and its Application 3. Data Modelling 3.1 PHP and Its Application PHP (recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor") is a widely-used Open Source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language). Five important characteristics of PHP are: • Familiarity: Programmers from many backgrounds will find themselves already accustomed to the PHP language as many of the language’s constructs are borrowed from C and Perl. • Simplicity: A PHP script can consist of 10000 lines on one line; there is no need to include libraries, especial complication directives or anything if sort. • Efficiency: Efficiency is an extremely important for working in a multi-user environment such as the WWW. It introduces resource allocation mechanisms and more pronounced support for object-oriented programming, in addition to session management features. • Security: PHP provides developers and administrators with a flexible and efficient set of security safeguards. These safeguards can be divided into two frames of references: 1. System level safeguards 2. Application level safeguards • Flexibility: Because PHP is an embedded language, it is extremely flexible towards meeting the needs of the developer. Although PHP is generally touted as being used in conjunction solely with HTML, it can also be integrated alongside language like JavaScrit, XML etc. A wisely planned PHP application can be expanded as needed. In technical terms, PHP is a cross-platform, HTML-embedded, server-side web scripting language. • Cross-platform: We can run most code, without alteration, on computers running many different operating systems. • HTML-embedded: PHP code is written in files containing a mixture of PHP instructions and HTML code. • Server-side: The PHP programs we write are run on a server- specifically, a web server. • A web scripting language: we run PHP programs via a web browser. We access the web server on which they reside, and this runs the program, sending any resulting output back to the browser. This figure shows how PHP work : Web Server Fetch page Figure 3.1 How PHP Works. 3.2 Database and Its Application: Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. Management of data involves both defining structures for storage of information and proving mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In addition, the database system must ensure the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or attempts to unauthorized access. If data are to be shared among several users, the system must avoid possible anomalies results. 3.2.1 Definition and Concept of Database DBMS stands for Data Base Management System and is defined by its ability to store, retrieve and manipulate information. In the simplest form, a computer's operating system filing capabilities can be considered a DBMS. A database management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The collection of data is usually referred to as the database, consists of information relevant to an enterprise. The primary goal of DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing information [3]. Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. The management of data involves both definition of structures for storage of information and the provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In addition, the database system must provide the safety of information stored, despite system crashes or attempts of unauthorized access. Advantages of Database System: 1. Several important advantages of database systems are listed below [1]. 2. Redundancy can be reduced 3. Inconsistency can be avoided. 4. The data can be shared 5. Standards can be enforced 6. Security restrictions can be applied 7. Integrity can be maintained 8. Conflicting requirements can be balanced 3.2.2 MySQL MySQL is an open source, SQL Relation Database management system (RDBMS) that is free for many uses. Early in its history, MySQL occasionally faced opposition due to its lack of support for some core SQL constructs such as sub selects and foreign keys. MySQL has not failed to reward the loyalty of these users with the addition of both sub selects and foreign keys. 3.2.3 Database System versus File System The typical file processing system is supported by a conventional operating system. The system stores permanent records in various files and it needs different application programs to extract records from it and add records to the appropriate files. Before database management system came along, organization usually stored information/data in such system. Keeping data/information in file processing system has a number of major disadvantages: o Data redundancy and inconsistency o Difficulty in accessing data o Data isolation o Integrity problem o Atomicity problem o Integrity problem o Concurrent access anomalies o Security problems These difficulties, among others, prompted the development of the database. 3.2.4 Information Modelling Whenever understanding of a real world phenomenon or interaction is desired the first step is to build a simple model representing the phenomenon and perform study and evaluation of the model rather that actual interaction. In building model the ambiguity and complexity in the real world is avoided totally or compensated with valid approximation. In fact a systematic study of any phenomenon whether economic, industrial or scientific is done through modelling. Information modelling pertains to development of model in information generation, storage, destruction, evaluation, manipulation, synthesis and utilizations. These models help in systematisation of information generation, flow, interpretation and synthesis of more information. 3.2.3.1 Concept of Information Modelling The first step of information modelling is to precisely choose only that part of reality, which is of interest. This is known as Entity. Entity defines other parameters. Entities are atomic i.e. they are invisible. The parameters if as entity are known as attribute. Attributes are quantum of information, which describe the entity entirely. Attributes themselves can be thought of entities, which make the first entity of a composite entity. The key attribute if one, which distinguishes one occurrence if an entity from other. It is associated with all other attributes with a 1:1 (one-to-one) relation. The second step in information modelling is relationship among entities. It is most important in making sense if the entity and inter-entity relationship. The relationship is the information, which links two entities. The relationship can be of four categories:  One-to One (1:1) - One instance of the first entity can correspond to only one instance of the second entity. It is also known as binary relationship.  One-to-Many (1:N) - One instance of the first entity can correspond to more than one instance of the second entity.  Many-to-One (N:1) - More that one instance of the first entity can correspond to the same one instance of the second entity.  Many-to Many (N:N) - More that one instance of the first entity can correspond to more than one instance of the second entity. In information modelling, One-to-One (1:1) and One-to-Many (1:N) relationships are used. 3.2.3.2 Procedures for Information Modelling The first step for information modelling and rules of data normalisation were described below: 3.2.3.2.1 Steps for Information Modelling Step 1. The universe of discourse (UDO) or the part if real world should be selected properly with minimum redundancy but completely in terms of entities. Step 2. Entities are to be classified according to their attribute contents and merged, which have one-to-one (1:1) relationship into composite entities. Step 3. Their relationship among entities should be defined and named. Step 4. Normalization should done to reduce redundancy and increase integrity. 3.2.3.2.1 Rules of Data Normalization  Eliminating Repeating Groups: Make a separate table for each set of related attributes and give each table a primary key.  Eliminating Redundant Data: If attribute depends on only part of a multi valued key, remove it to a separate table.  Eliminate Columns not Dependent on Key: If attributes do not contribute to a description of the key, remove them to a separate table.  Isolate Independent Multiple Relationship: No table may contain two or more 1:N or N:M relationships that are not directly related.  Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationship: There may be practical constrains on information that justify separating logically related many-to-many relationships 3.3 Data modelling For an information system to be useful, reliable, adaptable and economic, it must be based on first on sound data modelling and only secondarily on process analysis. 3.3.3 Concept of Data Modelling A data model is a model describing the data in an organization. It provides a framework for abstracting the essential qualities or characteristics of data. Data modelling is the process of abstraction and documentation using a data model. Data modelling creates hierarchies of abstraction along two dimension: aggression and generalization. Aggression identifies data items as arts of higher-level, more aggregate descriptor. Generalization creates categories into which a data item may be classified. There are two major classes of data models - logical data models and physical data models. These two classes reflects the fact that efficient physical storage and retrieval of data must be designed around the physical characteristics if storage media and devices, but users of data should be able to describe, think about and use data without being concentrated about its physical storage. 3.3.4 Types of Data Modelling The data modelling consists of three interrelated pieces of information, the data object, the attributes that describe the data object and the relationship that connect data objects to one another. A data object is a representation of almost any composite information that must be understood by software. Composite information means something that has a number of different properties or attributes. Six different types of data models are briefly describe below: 1. Entity-Relationship Model The entity-relationship (E-R) data model is based on a presentation of a real world that consists of a collection of basic objects, called entities and of relationships among these objects. An entity is a thing or object in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. A relationship is an association among several entities. The set of all entities of the dame type and the set of all relationships of the same type are termed as entity set and the relationship set respectively. In addition to entities and relationships, the E-R model represents certain constraints is mapping cardinalities, which express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set. The entity-relationship model is widely used in database design. 2. Relational Model The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the relationships among those data. Each table has multiple columns and each column has a unique name. The relational model is a record-based model. Record-based models are so named because the database is structured in fixed format records of several types. Each table contains records of a particular type. Each record type defines a fixed number of fields or attributes. The columns of the table correspond to the attributes of the record type. The relational data model is the most widely used data model and a vast majority of current database are based on the relational model. The relational model is at a lower level of abstraction than the E-R model. Database designs are often carried out in the E-R model and then translated to the relational model. In this project, relational model is used 3. Object-Oriented Data Model The object oriented data model is another data model that has seen increasing attention. The object-oriented model can be seen an extending the E-R model with notions of encapsulation, methods (functions) and object identity. Loosely speaking, an object corresponding to an entity in E-R model. The object-oriented paradigm is based on encapsulation of data and code related to an object into a single unit, whose contents are not visible to the outside world. 4.Object-Relational Data Model The object-relational data model combines features of the object oriented data model and relational data model. 5.Hierarchical Data Model The hierarchical data model represents a form of tree structure. No record can have more than one parent record but a parent record have any number of child records. A hierarchical database is s collection of disjoint trees with record occurrences nodes. 6.Network Data Model In network records and links as in the hierarchical model represents data but this represents a more generalized structure. A given record occurrence can have any number of immediate parents as well as any number of immediate dependants. Thus a many-to-many correspondence can be modelled more directly. 3.4 Application of Database Management System Database management systems are widely used in the real world. Here are some representative applications: • Banking: For customer information, accounts, loans and banking transaction. • Airlines: For reservation and schedules information. Airlines were among the first to use database in a geographically distributed manner-terminals situated around the world accessed the central database system through phone lines and other data network. • Universities: For student information, course registration and grades. • Credit card transactions: For purchases on credit cards and generation of monthly statements. • Telecommunications: For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling networks. • Finance: For storing information about holdings, sales and purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and bonds. • Sales: For customer, product and purchase information. • Manufacturing: For management of supply chain and for tracking production of items in factories, inventories of items in warehouse/stores and orders for items. • Human resources: For information about employees, salaries. payroll taxes and benefits and for generation of paycheques.

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A PROJECT ON Analysis and Development of a Pay Per Click Advertising System : Chapter Two

Chapter 2 Internet & Network Programming 1. What is internet? 2. World Wide Web (WWW) 3. What is HTML? 4. Web Server 5. Apache Web Server 6. Web Browser 7. DNS Server 8.DHCP Server 9. Dynamic Host Configaration Protocol(DHCP) 10. The Universal Resource Locator (URL) 11. Client Side programming 12. Server Side programming 13. Web Based Application 2.1 What is Internet? Internet is an interconnection between several computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the globe. It is a network of networks. A group of computer networks that distribute www, email and ftp news groups etc services around the world. To send or receive data to some placed beyond pacific within in a second was unthinkable before advent of Internet. The Internet is making a major impact on the information technology industry . 2.2 World Wide Web (WWW) The World Wide Web (WWW) is a distributed information system based on hypertext. World Wide Web is not the Internet. The WWW is a giant hypertext system (text, graphics and other multimedia goodies) a series of millions of documents linked to each other all of which reside same place on the Internet and written in HTML, DHTML, VbScript, JavaScript, ASP/Perl/PHP etc. One can view a web document in a web browser or web client software (Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera etc.) and the web client requests are responded by web servers such as PWS, IIS, Apache and JSDK etc. The standard of www is maintained by w3c (World Wide Web Consortium). Documents stored under the Web can be one of several types. The most common type hypertext documents are formatted according to the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), which itself is based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). HTML documents contain text, font specifications, and other formatting instructions. Link to other documents (whether remote or local) can be associated with regions of the text. The HTML documents are displayed with an appropriate Web Browser. The World Wide Web is an architectural framework for accessing linked documents spread out over thousands of Machines all over the Internet. An Internet or Web address (sometimes called a URL or Uniform Resource Locator) typically is composed of four parts : • A protocol name (a protocol is a set of rules and standards that enable computers to exchange information. • The location of the site. • The name of the organization that maintain the site. • A suffix that identifies what kind of organization it is (such as .com for commercial organization). 2.3 What is HTML? HTML is the acronym for Hyper Text Markup Language. Web pages are written with HTML. HTML has two essential features: Hypertext and Universality. Hyper text means we can create a link in a web page that leads the visitors to any other web page or to practically any thing else on the Internet. It means that the information on the web can be accessed from many different directions. Universality means that because HTML documents are saved as ASCII or Text Only files, virtually any computer can read a web page. It does not matter if visitors have Macintosh, Windows or UNIX machines. HTML is a general-purpose hypertext display language, based on SGML. It specifies a document format that allows text-formatting commands, as well as hypertext-link like commands, and image display commands. HTML also provides a limited input features. For example, an HTML document can specify that a form should be displayed. The HTML display program (that is, the Web client) allows the user to fill entries in the form to select a menu item. When a user has finished entering values, he can press a “submit” button . 2.4 Web Server The web server has what seems to be a fairly straightforward job. Basically, the job of a web server is to hold lots of web pages on its hard drive. Then when a browser (web client) usually on a different computer, requests a web page that is contained on that web server, the web server loads from its own hard drive or native hard drive and then passes the page back to the requesting computer via a special communication protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . There are many web server but mainly three web servers dominate the market. They are Apache, MS Personal Web Server (PWS) for Windows 98 and MS Internet Information Server (IIS) for Windows 2000 Professional. HTTP provides powerful features, beyond the simple transfer of documents, such as encryption of security. The document name in a URL may identify an executable program that, when run, generates an HTML document. When a HTTP server receives a request for such a document, it executes the program, and sends back the HTML document that is generated. Further, the web the client can pass extra argument with the name of the document; they are then passed as arguments when the program is executed. Thus the generated document can depend on the arguments that were passed in. As a result of these features, a web server can easily serve as a front-end to a variety of information services. To install a new service on the web, a person needs only to create and install an executable program that provides the service. The language supported by the web, HTML, provides a graphical user interface to the information service. 2.5 Apache Web Server A web server is the program that runs on a web site and is responsible for replying to web browser request for files. You need a web server to publish documents on the web. When we use a browser to request a page on a web site, that browser makes a web connection to a server (using the HTTP protocol). The server accepts the contents of the files that were requested, and then closes the connection. The browser then formats the information it got from the server. On the server side, many different browsers may connect to the same server. The web server is responsible for handling all these requests. Web servers do more than just deposit files. They are also responsible for managing from input for linking forms and browsers with programs such as databases running on the server. The main features of the apache web server include: 1. The stability and rapid development cycle associated with a large group of cooperative volunteer programmers. 2. Full source code, downloadable at no charge. 3. Ease of configuration using plaintext files. 4. Access-control based on client host name IP address or user name password combinations. 5. Support for server-side scripting as well as CGI scripts. 6. A custom API that enables external modules to be utilized by the server daemon. 7. Support IPV6 8. Have support SSL 2.6 Web Browser A program that enables someone views the contents of pages on the web, the graphical portion of the Internet. In other word, it is an application that makes HTTP request and formats the resultant HTML documents for the user. Most web browsers understand all Internet protocol. Some most popular web browsers are: Mozilla, Fast Browser, Opera, MS Internet Explorer etc . 2.7 DNS server DNS service provides name resolution for clients running Windows 2003. With name resolution, users can access servers by name rather than having to use IP addresses that are difficult to remember. DNS servers host records of a distributed DNS database and use the records they host to resolve DNS name queries sent by DNS client computers, such as queries for the names of Web sites or computers in your network or on the Internet. If you plan to use this computer to answer DNS queries for computers in your network, then add the DNS server role. 2.8 DHCP server A computer running the Microsoft DHCP service that offers dynamic configuration of IP addresses and related information to DHCP-enabled clients. 2.9 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) A TCP/IP service protocol that offers dynamic leased configuration of host IP addresses and distributes other configuration parameters to eligible network clients. DHCP provides safe, reliable, and simple TCP/IP network configuration prevents address conflicts, and helps conserve the use of client IP addresses on the network. DHCP uses a client/server model where the DHCP server maintains centralized management of IP addresses that are used on the network. DHCP-supporting clients can then request and obtain lease of an IP address from a DHCP server as part of their network boot process. 2.10 The Universal Resource Locator (URL) A hypertext system must be able to store pointers to documents. In the web, the functionality of pointer is provided by the Universal Resource Locators (URLs). The following is an example URL: http://www.microsoft.com/admin/customerservice The first part of the URL indicates how the document to be accessed: “http” indicates that the document is to be accessed using hypertext transfer protocol, which is a protocol for transferring html documents. The second part gives a unique name of a machine on the Internet. It is actually an address of the machine on the Internet. The rest of the URL is the name of the file on the machine. Thus the URLs provide a globally unique name for each document that can be accessed from a web system . 2.11 Client Side Programming In client side programming, we need to develop program that are executed by the appropriate web browser on the client machine of a computer network. The client machine sends a request to the web server for a document in which the program is integrated. The document then carries all necessary information of the program, travels in the network and after reaching to the client machine; it is executed by the web browser. 2.12 Server Side Programming In case of server side programming, we need to develop programs that are to be executed by the server. The client computer of a computer network sends request to the server with necessary information (input) by using HTML or other accepted document. This information then retrieved by the server side program, produces result and sends back the result to the client machine . 2.13 Web Based Application A web application is computer software, which provides a query interface, transmit user-defined query, perform server-side processing, send message data, transmit query results and perform client-side processing. A web application performs its tasks by using following steps: • User instructs web browser through HTML or other accepted document, • The web browser contact a web server using the HTTP protocol, • The web server process that data send by the user with PHP, • Connecting to a data file and search data based upon the user query, • Sending back the results to display in the web browser window as a table. The following figure shows the architecture of web application. Fig 2.1: Architecture of the Web Application. The following four most important conceptual categories part are: • The display layer or graphical user interface (GUI) layer • The communication layer • The middle-ware layer and • The data layer. The GUI or Display Layer: The display layer or GUI Layer, sometimes called the “frontend”, balanced upon the tenuous border between the world of computers and the world of people. It performs the often-complex task of translating between human and computer languages. In its role as translator, the GUI is responsible for two things. First, the GUI translates the desires, intentions, needs, and wants of people into executable, logical machine instructions. At the same time, the GUI also translates computer-generated data into meaningful human-readable information. At its core, a web browser is a software program that knows how to contact a web server using the HTTP protocol, request a given document from that web server, and display that document returned by the server to a human user. The Communication Layer: After the user into GUI submits the needed information, the information is transmitted from the web browser to the web server. The Communication Layer performs the transmission of information. In the communication layer, information goes from one software program on one computer to another software program on another computer. Since there are many types of computers and many software packages that must communicate, it is required to follow very rigorous standards of communications called protocols. Protocols guarantee that each participant of the discussion can understand the other. For the purpose of the web, there are three types of communication protocols: 1. Computer to computer communication 2. Encryption of plain text over the wires 3. Software to software communication Communication between client and sever through the communication layer occurs through TCP/IP connection to exchange data between software programs. Once the TCP/IP connection is opened, the software communicates via HTTP or SSL. The actual data exchanged may or may not be encrypted. TCP/IP (The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the protocol suite that drives the Internet. The middle-ware Layer: The user requests are gathered by the GUI Layers and they are sent across the wire to a web server by the communication layer. The web application on the other end of the wire from the web browser is a web server. The web server is the entry point to the middle-ware layer. The purpose of the middle-ware layer is to accept incoming requests and process them, using the resources provided by the web server, the machine that the web server runs on, or by the network or servers and resources that the web server is connected to. The middle-ware 1) creates an executable script that the web server may call on demand, 2) pass incoming HTTP GET or POST data to the script, and 3) generates answers back to the browser. The data Layer: The most basic part of a web application is the data itself. As all web applications allow a user to submit instructions on how the web application should message a bit of data on the web server. This might involve searching a database, creating a shopping cart of products, or emailing some information to someone. Regardless, the data, which is being manipulated, all have some basic characteristics. Those are: 1) Data have values; 2) Data have types; 3) Data have descriptions; and 4) Data have formats. All of the web technologies at the Data layer define, describe, or standardize one or more of these characteristics. Generally, a database is used for this purpose.

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